Flores’ geothermal ambitions collide with justice, culture & local resistance - Mongabay
Published March 01, 2026
Flores’ Geothermal Aspirations Encounter Cultural, Justice, and Local Resistance Issues
In the pursuit of renewable energy, the Indonesian island of Flores is at the center of a heated debate surrounding geothermal energy development. The region is rich in geothermal resources, with significant potential for energy generation. However, this ambition has sparked local resistance, raising concerns about justice, culture, and environmental impacts.
The government of Indonesia has set ambitious targets for renewable energy, aiming for 23% of its energy mix to come from renewable sources by 2025. Geothermal energy is a key component of this strategy, with the government planning to increase its geothermal capacity to 7,200 megawatts (MW) by 2025. Flores, with its volcanic landscape, is seen as a prime location for geothermal projects, and several companies have been granted licenses to explore and develop these resources.
One of the most prominent projects is the planned development of the Ulumbu geothermal power plant, which is expected to generate 5 MW of electricity. This project, along with others, aims to provide energy not only to Flores but also to nearby islands, contributing to the national grid. However, the push for geothermal energy has not come without controversy.
Local Communities Voice Concerns
Local communities have expressed significant concerns regarding the impacts of geothermal development on their lands, culture, and livelihoods. Many residents of Flores belong to indigenous groups with deep cultural ties to the land. The geothermal projects are often situated in areas that hold cultural and spiritual significance for these communities.
For instance, the area around Mount Inerie, a prominent volcano in Flores, is considered sacred by local communities. The development of geothermal facilities near such sites raises fears of cultural erosion and loss of identity. Residents worry that the projects will disrupt their traditional ways of life, including agriculture and fishing, which are vital to their survival and cultural heritage.
Moreover, there are concerns about environmental degradation. Local activists argue that geothermal drilling and infrastructure could lead to water contamination, deforestation, and other ecological impacts that would threaten the biodiversity of the region. The island is home to unique flora and fauna, and any disruption to the ecosystem could have far-reaching consequences.
Legal and Regulatory Challenges
The legal framework governing geothermal development in Indonesia has also come under scrutiny. Critics argue that the process for granting exploration licenses lacks transparency and does not adequately consider the rights and voices of local communities. Many residents feel that they have not been adequately consulted about the projects that will affect their lands and resources.
In response to these concerns, some community members have organized protests and campaigns to raise awareness about the potential impacts of geothermal development. They are calling for greater involvement in decision-making processes and for their rights to be recognized and respected. Activists are advocating for a more equitable approach to energy development that prioritizes the needs and voices of local communities.
Government and Corporate Responses
In light of the growing resistance, both the Indonesian government and the companies involved in geothermal projects have been working to address local concerns. The government has emphasized the importance of renewable energy for national development and economic growth, arguing that geothermal energy can provide jobs and improve energy access for rural communities.
Some companies have attempted to engage with local communities through public consultations and community development programs. However, critics argue that these efforts are often insufficient and do not address the underlying issues of land rights and cultural preservation. There are calls for more meaningful engagement and for companies to adopt a more socially responsible approach to their operations.
International Perspectives and Support
The situation in Flores is not unique, as similar conflicts arise in various parts of the world where indigenous rights and environmental justice intersect with renewable energy development. International organizations and NGOs are increasingly focusing on the importance of community rights in energy projects, advocating for frameworks that ensure the participation and consent of affected communities.
In Flores, some international organizations have expressed support for local activists and their efforts to protect their rights and environment. These organizations are working to raise awareness about the challenges faced by communities and to promote best practices in energy development that prioritize social and environmental justice.
The Path Forward
As the debate over geothermal energy development in Flores continues, finding a balance between energy needs and community rights will be crucial. The Indonesian government’s ambitious renewable energy goals must be pursued in a manner that respects the voices of local communities and protects their cultural heritage and environment.
Engaging in meaningful dialogue and collaboration with local stakeholders will be essential in addressing the concerns raised by residents. This includes recognizing the importance of traditional knowledge and practices in energy development and ensuring that the benefits of geothermal projects are equitably shared with local communities.
Ultimately, the future of geothermal energy in Flores will depend on the ability of all parties to work together toward sustainable and just energy solutions that honor the rights and culture of local communities while contributing to Indonesia’s renewable energy goals.