Hydropower in China and other top generators across Asia - NS Energy
Published December 14, 2025
Hydropower in China and Other Leading Generators Across Asia
Hydropower has emerged as a significant player in the renewable energy landscape of Asia, with China leading the way in terms of generation capacity. This article explores the state of hydropower in China and highlights other major hydropower-producing nations in the region.
China: The Global Leader in Hydropower Generation
China is the world's largest producer of hydropower, boasting an installed capacity of approximately 370 gigawatts (GW) as of 2021. The country has been investing heavily in hydropower infrastructure, with significant projects such as the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River, which is the largest hydroelectric power station in the world. The dam has a total installed capacity of 22.5 GW, contributing to China's efforts to reduce carbon emissions and transition to renewable energy sources.
In addition to the Three Gorges Dam, China has numerous other large-scale hydropower projects, including the Baihetan Dam and the Wudongde Dam, both of which are among the largest hydroelectric power stations globally. The Baihetan Dam, completed in 2021, has an installed capacity of 16 GW, while the Wudongde Dam, which began operations in 2020, has a capacity of 10.2 GW. These projects are part of China's broader strategy to increase its renewable energy generation and reduce reliance on coal-fired power plants.
Other Major Hydropower Producers in Asia
While China dominates the hydropower sector, several other countries in Asia are also significant contributors to hydropower generation.
India
India ranks second in Asia in terms of hydropower capacity, with an installed capacity of around 50 GW as of 2021. The country has been actively developing its hydropower resources, particularly in the northern states such as Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, which are rich in water resources. Major projects include the Bhakra Nangal Dam and the Tehri Dam, which together contribute a substantial amount of electricity to the national grid.
The Indian government has set ambitious targets for expanding its renewable energy capacity, aiming to reach 175 GW by 2022, with hydropower playing a crucial role in achieving this goal. The focus is not only on large-scale projects but also on small and medium-sized hydropower plants to enhance energy access in remote areas.
Japan
Japan is another key player in the hydropower sector, with an installed capacity of approximately 49 GW. The country has a long history of hydropower development, and it continues to invest in upgrading and maintaining its existing facilities. The Kurobe Dam, located in the Northern Alps, is one of Japan's most famous hydropower stations and has a capacity of 1.4 GW.
Following the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011, Japan has been seeking to diversify its energy sources, and hydropower has gained renewed attention as a reliable and clean energy option. The government aims to increase the share of renewable energy in the energy mix, with hydropower expected to play a vital role in this transition.
Vietnam
Vietnam has made significant strides in hydropower development, with an installed capacity of around 30 GW as of 2021. The country is home to several large hydropower projects, including the Hoa Binh Dam and the Son La Dam, which are among the largest in Southeast Asia. These projects not only contribute to electricity generation but also help with flood control and irrigation in the region.
The Vietnamese government has recognized the importance of hydropower in achieving energy security and has set targets to increase the share of renewable energy in the national energy mix. Hydropower is expected to remain a crucial component of Vietnam's energy strategy as the country continues to experience rapid economic growth and increasing energy demand.
Indonesia
Indonesia, with its vast archipelago and abundant water resources, has a hydropower capacity of approximately 5.4 GW. The country has been working to develop its hydropower potential, particularly in regions such as Sumatra and Sulawesi. Notable projects include the Jatigede Dam and the Batang Toru Hydropower Plant, which are part of Indonesia's efforts to diversify its energy sources and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
The Indonesian government aims to increase the share of renewable energy in the national energy mix to 23% by 2025, with hydropower playing a significant role in achieving this target. The focus is on both large-scale projects and small-scale hydropower initiatives to enhance energy access in rural areas.
Challenges Facing Hydropower Development
Despite the advancements in hydropower generation across Asia, several challenges remain. Environmental concerns, such as the impact on local ecosystems and communities, have led to increased scrutiny of hydropower projects. Additionally, the construction of large dams can result in displacement of communities and loss of biodiversity, which has sparked opposition from environmental groups and local populations.
Moreover, climate change poses a significant risk to hydropower generation, as alterations in precipitation patterns can affect water availability. This uncertainty necessitates a diversified approach to energy generation, incorporating various renewable sources to ensure a stable and resilient energy supply.
The Future of Hydropower in Asia
Looking ahead, hydropower is expected to remain a vital component of the renewable energy landscape in Asia. Governments across the region are increasingly recognizing the importance of hydropower in achieving energy security and meeting climate goals. As technology advances, there is potential for more efficient and environmentally friendly hydropower solutions, including small-scale projects and innovative designs that minimize ecological impacts.
In conclusion, hydropower continues to play a crucial role in the energy mix of Asia, with China leading the way in generation capacity. Other countries, including India, Japan, Vietnam, and Indonesia, are also making significant contributions to the hydropower sector. As the region navigates the challenges and opportunities of renewable energy development, hydropower will remain a key player in the transition toward a sustainable energy future.
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