Drying up: Tracking the environmental and human rights harms caused by hydropower in the Caucasus and Central Asia - Business and Human Rights Centre
Published March 25, 2026
Drying Up: Assessing the Environmental and Human Rights Impacts of Hydropower in the Caucasus and Central Asia
The hydropower sector in the Caucasus and Central Asia has been heralded as a solution to energy demands and a means of promoting sustainable development. However, this sector is increasingly scrutinized for its environmental and human rights implications. The Business and Human Rights Centre has released a comprehensive report that outlines the detrimental effects caused by hydropower projects in this region, emphasizing the urgent need for accountability and reform.
Hydropower Development in the Region
Hydropower is a significant source of energy in the Caucasus and Central Asia, contributing to the electricity supply and supporting economic growth. Countries such as Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan are heavily invested in hydropower infrastructure. Notably, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan rely on hydropower for over 90% of their electricity generation.
Despite its potential benefits, the expansion of hydropower projects has raised concerns about environmental degradation and the violation of human rights. Large dams and hydropower plants often result in the displacement of local communities, destruction of ecosystems, and alterations to river systems, which can have long-lasting impacts on biodiversity and water availability.
Environmental Concerns
One of the primary environmental issues associated with hydropower in the region is the alteration of natural water flows. Dams can disrupt the ecological balance of rivers, leading to reduced water quality and diminished aquatic habitats. The report highlights that the construction of hydropower facilities can significantly decrease water levels downstream, affecting both ecosystems and the livelihoods of communities dependent on these water sources.
Additionally, the sedimentation caused by damming rivers can impair water quality and reduce the lifespan of reservoirs. This sediment buildup can lead to increased water temperatures, which can harm aquatic species and disrupt local fisheries. Furthermore, the report notes that climate change exacerbates these challenges, as shifting weather patterns can lead to altered precipitation rates and increased evaporation, further straining water resources.
Impact on Local Communities
The human rights implications of hydropower development are equally alarming. Many hydropower projects have been associated with the forced displacement of communities, often without adequate compensation or resettlement plans. The report documents numerous cases where local populations have been uprooted from their ancestral lands, leading to loss of homes, cultural heritage, and traditional livelihoods.
In Tajikistan, for example, the construction of the Rogun Dam has led to significant displacement, with thousands of people forced to relocate. The report emphasizes that these communities often lack the necessary support to rebuild their lives, leading to increased poverty and social instability. Furthermore, the loss of access to natural resources, such as fishing and agriculture, has compounded these challenges, resulting in food insecurity and economic hardship.
Legal and Institutional Framework
The report also examines the legal and institutional frameworks governing hydropower development in the region. It highlights significant gaps in regulations and enforcement mechanisms that allow for the continuation of environmentally and socially harmful practices. While some countries have established environmental impact assessment processes, these are often inadequately implemented or ignored altogether.
Moreover, the lack of transparency and public participation in decision-making processes exacerbates the situation. Many affected communities are not informed about proposed hydropower projects or their potential impacts, limiting their ability to voice concerns or seek redress. The report calls for stronger legal protections for communities and greater accountability for companies involved in hydropower development.
Case Studies
The report provides several case studies that illustrate the environmental and human rights harms associated with hydropower projects in the region. One notable example is the Kambarata-1 Hydropower Plant in Kyrgyzstan, which has faced criticism for its potential impacts on local ecosystems and communities. The construction of this facility has raised concerns about the diversion of water from the Naryn River, which could threaten fish populations and the livelihoods of local fishermen.
In Georgia, the construction of the Namakhvani Hydropower Plant has sparked protests from local communities who fear the project will disrupt their way of life. Activists argue that the dam will lead to the destruction of forests, loss of biodiversity, and displacement of residents. The report emphasizes the need for meaningful engagement with affected communities to address their concerns and ensure that their rights are protected.
Recommendations for Reform
In light of the findings, the Business and Human Rights Centre outlines several key recommendations aimed at mitigating the environmental and human rights impacts of hydropower in the Caucasus and Central Asia. These include:
- Strengthening legal frameworks to protect the rights of affected communities and ensure thorough environmental assessments are conducted before project approvals.
- Enhancing transparency and public participation in decision-making processes related to hydropower development.
- Implementing mechanisms for meaningful stakeholder engagement, allowing communities to voice their concerns and participate in discussions about hydropower projects.
- Establishing independent monitoring systems to track the environmental and social impacts of hydropower projects over time.
- Encouraging companies to adopt responsible business practices and adhere to international human rights standards in their operations.
Conclusion
The hydropower sector in the Caucasus and Central Asia presents significant challenges in terms of environmental sustainability and human rights. As countries in the region continue to pursue hydropower as a key component of their energy strategy, it is crucial to address the associated harms and ensure that development is equitable and sustainable. The report by the Business and Human Rights Centre serves as a vital resource for stakeholders seeking to understand and mitigate the impacts of hydropower in this critical region.
By prioritizing the protection of both the environment and the rights of local communities, governments and companies can work towards a more sustainable energy future that respects the needs and voices of all stakeholders involved.
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